Blood Brothers Essay Example for Free

Blood Brothers Essay â€Å"Blood Brothers† is a play about two twins who are separated at birth, they do not only have different parents but have a whole different lifestyle. Eddie lives in a world of luxury and has opportunities to go to university and eventually owning his own business which is more than Mickey could have ever dreamed of. On the other hand Mickey is brought up in a working class family with no qualifications whatsoever, as soon as Mickey thinks he has finally settled down with a job he then finds himself fired and starts turning to crime. Towards the end of the play the differences between Eddie and Mickey begin to show as friction is caused between them. They begin to turn against each other and Linda is stuck in the middle as she has feelings for both Eddie and Mickey, this is when the question is raised asking whether Linda and Eddie have been having an affair. This is then what sends Mickey off the rails and ends up being the cause of the Johnstone twin’s death as Mickey shot Eddie in a rage of anger over Linda. Tension is caused at the end of the play when Mrs Johnstone tells Mickey and Eddie that they are brothers as the audience already knew this they just wanted to know when and how this would be revealed to the twins. Willy Russell wrote Blood Brothers to show how life was in Liverpool in 1980s and how being in a different class separated people. He also refers to the recession and how so many people lost their jobs and the only way for them to earn a living was to turn to crime like Mickey did as he needed money to support Linda and his child, Sammy did not help the situation as he was the one who had persuaded Mickey to earn money in that way. The end of the story is revealed to the audience by the narrator at the very beginning of the play. This builds up tension because people know what is going to happen so they are waiting to find out how it happened and what led up to that scene. Another thing that adds tension to the play is how the narrator keeps on referring back to the devil â€Å"the devils got your number, y’know he’s gonna find y’. Y’know he’s right behind y.† Towards the end of the play the narrator says how close the devil is getting, the devil being the devil inside Mickey when he shoots Eddie down. Mrs Johnstone sings a song about the price that she has to pay â€Å"Living on the never, never, constant as the changing weather never sure who’s at the door or the price I’ll have to pay† This song says that Mrs Johnstone has a price to pay, this could mean that she has to give up her baby in return for the money that Mrs Lyons gave her but the audience know that the price that she will have to pay is the guilt that she will suffer and that both her twins die. The constant weather indicates her life has been up and down like it’s raining when she is sad and sunny when she is happy and that everything changes as fast as the weather. Secondly when she says that she is â€Å"living on the never, never, Constant as the changing weather never sure who’s at the door† this could refer to the people who came to knock on her door to take away her possessions and that living on the never, never could mean that she knows that nothing that she has will stay with her forever. Another thing that indicates this is that when she says â€Å"It’s alright lad we’re used to it we were in the middle id our tea one night when they came for that table.† This means that she has had her belonging possessed before and because of this she doesn’t really mind when it happens again because it has happened so many times before. Willy Russell has made the audience sympathize with Mrs Johnstone because she has been through a lot in her life. At the beginning of the play she tells us how she got to be in that position in that moment in time. Mrs Johnstone describes her marriage and says â€Å"that I was six weeks overdue† which makes the audience feel sorry for her. It also describes the place of marriage which was at the registry office. â€Å"We got married at the registry and had a do†. This suggests to us the audience that the wedding was nothing too fancy, not too expensive and that the marriage was sudden and unexpected. She got married because she was expecting a baby, in difficult, circumstances to get married in. Soon after the wedding Mrs Johnstone wanted to go out and enjoy herself like she had done before but her husband wouldn’t take her anywhere because he became very conscious of her appearance and felt embarrassed to be seen with her. This is evident due to the fact that sh e gained weight and now perceived herself to be â€Å"twice the size of Marilyn Monroe†. The audience feels sympathetic towards her because she has seven children and low self esteem. This is shown by the fact that she describes herself to look like she is forty two instead of twenty five. This shows the physical strain that Mrs. Johnston has gone through. I understand why she gave her baby away to Mrs Lyons because Mrs Lyons emotionally manipulated Mrs Johnston in this terrible time she is going through. Mrs Lyons attempts to make Mrs Johnstone think positively by saying that â€Å"if he’s with me you’ll still be able to see him each day as you come to work† Mrs Lyons presents Mrs Johnstone with the idea that her son would have a much better life with herself â€Å"if he grew up here as our son†¦ he could have everything†. However this is why she may have done this for the benefit of the baby because she felt that Mrs Lyons could provide for him much better than she ever could and she just wanted him to have a better life. The purpose of the narrator is to explain some of the key action on stage. The narrator also involves the audience by asking them directly, to judge what they see. He reveals that the brothers die at the very start of the play and from then on he constantly reminds the audience of the twin’s fate. He presents the themes of fate, destiny and superstition throughout the play, but at the end he asks the audience to consider if it was social class rather than fate that caused the tragedy. In the play the narrator constantly reminds Mrs Johnstone and Mrs Lyons about the devil â€Å"Y’know the devils got your number, y’know he’s gonna find y’, y’know he’s right behind y’, he’s starin through your windows and he’s creeping down the hall.† This makes the audience realise that when the narrator refers to the devil he means the devil that is going to cause the death of the twins at the end of the play this makes the audience anxious as to when this is all going to happen. In this play Mickey, Eddie, Linda, and Sammy play all sorts of games, I think that the games that they play influence them when they are older for example they play with pretend guns and Sammy says â€Å"It only fires caps. I’m gonna get a real gun soon, I’m gonna get an air gun† This later becomes true as Sammy does get a real gun which is then used to kill someone; both Mickey and Sammy were arrested for this. The arrest is also relevant as the children used to play cops and robbers. â€Å"Come on Eddie, you can have a shot at our target in the park.†This is relevant because Mickey and Eddie practised shooting and in the end Mickey shoots Eddie so the shooting practise came in handy. I think the strongest child was Linda because she stuck up for Mickey no matter what; she stuck up for him when he was getting told of by the teachers and she was able to have the courage to lie to a police officer. Superstition is a big theme in the play and Mrs Johnstone is shown to be superstitious right at the beginning of the play. â€Å"New shoes on the table. Take them off†.The new shoes on the table could result in the birth of the twins. â€Å"Plural, Mrs Johnstone, mouths to feed, you’re expecting twins.† The narrator uses superstition during the play to imply the loss of money or precious things. â€Å"An’ a spider’s been killed.† A main part in the play is when Mrs Lyons uses Mrs Johnston’s superstitions to stop her from telling Eddie and Mickey that they actually brothers â€Å"They say that if either twin learns that he once was a pair, they shall both immediately die.† As Mrs Johnstone is very superstitious she believed every word Mrs Lyons says to her. This superstition later becomes true, as at the end of the play the only reason why the gun got fired was because Mrs Johnstone told the boys that they were actually brothers as she thought that it would stop Mickey from shooing Eddie but in the end although it may have been an accident Mickey still fired the gun either over anger or rage over Linda or pure shock to find out that he was a twin. The narrator finishes his speech with the idea of superstitions and whether they are the cause of the traumatic story line and ending. â€Å"And do we blame superstition for what came to pass.† The first sign of tension is when he kids grow up and Sammy causes trouble on the bus as he gets a knife out and starts threatening the conductor to give the bag with all of the fair money in just because he wouldn’t give Sammy a ticket â€Å"Fuck off, now move, you move! Give me the bag† This creates tension because nobody has ever seen that side of Sammy before and even Mickey gets scared and tries to stop him from getting into to deeper trouble â€Å"Sammy, Sammy!† The repetition means that Mickey is really worried and wants to get Sammy’s attention. When both Sammy and Mickey are both fired tension is created when Sammy asks Mickey to help him out with a job, Sammy then produces a gun and says they will go and hold someone up for some money. Mickey is reluctant at first, but wants to be able to buy Linda something nice, and agrees to stand guard. The audience want Mickey to be able to say no to Sammy because they know that it probably won’t end well, because they know that Mickey wants to be able to provide for Linda and his child but he won’t be able to do that behind bars. Meanwhile all this is happening at exactly the same time Edward meets up with Linda, proclaiming his love for her. She explains she has always loved him in a way, but she is now married to Mickey, and very much in love. Willy Russell shows them talking at the same time so the audience can compare what both Linda and Mickey are saying, Mickey gave into temptation and was willing to help Sammy with a job for money whilst Linda had Eddie declaring his love for her but Linda was strong enough to say no because she couldn’t do that to Mickey. At the beginning of the play Mickey and Eddie had a very strong friendship and cared and looked out for each other, when one was sad the other asked why and wanted to help â€Å"Mickey what’s wrong?† Eddie saw that Mickey was upset so he wanted to know if there was anything he could do to help. â€Å"I Thought we were blood brothers† this shows that they were once very close and being blood brothers meant that they always stuck together. As the play went on and the kids grew up into adults the relationship between Mickey and Eddie had changed. Before they were best friends, which had then changed into a university kid and an unemployed man who had nothing to say to each other. When Eddie announced that he had everything he had ever wanted and offered to give Mickey money, Mickey’s jealousy got the better of him â€Å"You, you’re a dickhead†. This indicates that Mickey is angry at Eddie because he has everything including all the money in the world whilst Mickey had no job, no money and hated the thought that his old best friend had everything he didn’t have. Right at the start of the play everyone saw how close Mickey and Linda were but when Mickey was in jail it not only changed him, but it changed his mental health as he became attached to drugs and became insane and mad. â€Å"He said about, about me nerves, an how I get depresses an, I need to take these cos they make me better.† But when Mickey did use these drugs it might have made him feel better but it put a strain on his and Linda’s relationship as they argued all the time which then resulted to Linda turning to Eddie for comfort and supposedly romance. Willy Russell uses ellipses to show pauses or that t he character is being hesitant in sentences to create tension and also to make the reader hang on to the speakers words and waiting for the next instalment. In the final moments of the feel tense as Mickey is running round the town with a gun searching for Eddie and everyone is wondering if he actually will shoot his brother or if he will just threaten him. The confrontation between Eddie and Mickey is very dramatic as Mickey is shouting out the odds and Eddie is denying everything. Then the police come in demanding that Mickey puts down the gun down then when he starts to realise what he is doing he begins to lower the gun, then when Mrs Johnstone comes and announces that they are twin brothers â€Å"Mickey don’t shoot Eddie, he’s your brother, I couldn’t afford to keep both of you. His mother couldn’t have kids so I agreed to give one of you away.† Mickey despairs that he was not the one given away, because then he could have had the life given to Eddie. Mickey, distraught, gestures carelessly with the gun towards Eddie. This sad story ends when the police misinterpret this action and gun Mickey down as he accidentally shoots Eddie, killing him. I think Blood Brothers the musical is a fantastic play, I especially love the way that each song has a meaning and the emotions of the characters in the lyrics. But I thought the end was good as you would have never thought that Mickey would kill Eddie. How the play was set for the narrator to have told the end of the story and the beginning of the play created more and more tension as the play went. I liked the fact that Willy Russell was influenced by Liverpool in 1983, only some of the characters had a Liverpool accent these were Mickey, Sammy, Linda, and Mrs Johnstone these were all the people in lower class and the ones who didn’t have an accent were Eddie, Mrs Lyons and Mr Lyons as they were very well spoken and in upper class. I learnt how social class can get in the way of you want to be friends with because their parents might not approve of you. I think the play might still have a relevance for a modern day audience as some people still rely on their class to get things, for example if Mrs Lyons wasn’t in upper class then Mrs Johnstone would have been able to stand up to her because she wouldn’t have thought that she was so high up. This can make modern day audiences change their mind and know that the times have changed so they can be friends with whoever they want to be. Another thing that the audience would see is how Mrs Lyons gave Mrs Johnstone money for her baby and that still happens today, so they can see that if someone does give their baby away to someone for money then it might not always end in happiness.

Evolution Of Photography Over The Centuries

Evolution Of Photography Over The Centuries Presentation: To my view photography it s a way to describe things, a way to express yourself and to show to the people how you feel and also to show things that you can see with your eyes at a certain moment. It s so interesting to grasp an idea in an image. This work was initially meant to tackle on the photography of the 20th century, but this approch would be too limited and even unfair. Therefore, i ve decided to go back to the roots of photography and highlight the evolution it has gone through over the centuries. The first part of this paper is dedicated to the 19th century and it s focused on the evolution of photography from a tecnical point of view. It was an intensive period characterized by revolutionary inventions and tecniques. To my point of view it s necessary or at least advisable to know the technical proceses of how a phtography comes into being because this way you can get a better understanding of your camera and of what it could do for you. Definately photography is more than pressing a botton and the efforts people put in developing tecniques and in getting every time better pictures reflect their struggle to fight against the cruel passing of time and the transitory nature of things. Taking a photograph is like an attempt to touch eternity, to make time stand still for a moment. But this is only one point of view out of many philosophical thoughts that shaped the concept of photography. The second part of the work deals with photography in the 20th century, a period where photography reached new levels of technical developments and new missions. The 20th century was marked by tragic events, such as the two world wars and photography played an important part in building our historical legacy and in shaping our conscience as human beings. The word photography comes from the Greek fos which means light and grapho which means to write. The word was coined by Sir john Herschel who made revolutionary contributions and set up the basis to the way photography was being processed in the 19th century. Photography has come into being through a long series of discoveries which have taken place along the centuries. The first idea of photography was embodied by the camera obscura box which was one of the first steps that led to photography. But while the camera obscura was more a device of exploring physical laws, the first permanent photograph, close to the modern concept we have today about photography, was taken in 1826 by Nic phore Ni pce. The photo was called View from the Window at Le Gras and it was the result of 8 hour-exposure while the sun illuminated the buildings on both sides. Your browser may not support display of this image. View from the Window at Le Gras by Nic phore Ni pce. 19th Century To understand the modern photography of 20th century, it s important to explain the different photographic process of 19th century . The first one it s called daguerreotype (1839). I ts a process which was invented by Daguerre using silver on a copper plate. The French government bought the patent and immediately made it public domain. Although this process results to be the predecessor of the actual photography called Polaroid. Your browser may not support display of this image. Camera of daguerreotype. Your browser may not support display of this image. Boulevard du Temple by Daguerre. The second one is the calotype process which was invented by William Fox Talbot in 1840. He coated paper smeets with silver chloride* to create and intermediate negative image. But the calotype gabe an image which was not very precise (it hasn t the sharpness of the daguerreotype). Your browser may not support display of this image. Camera of calotype. Your browser may not support display of this image. Paris by William Fox Talbot. The third one it s called wet plate and it was invented by Frederick Scott Archer* and Gustave Le Gray in 1850. Despite it s disadvantage, wet plate collodion became enormously popular. It was used for portraiture. Landscape wprk, architectural pphotography and art photography. This new process it s called like this because the plaque had to stay wet during all the process of making and revealed of images. Your browser may not support display of this image. Process of wet plate. Your browser may not support display of this image. Camera wet plate. Your browser may not support display of this image. Sea by Frederick Scott Archer. The last one is gelatine bromide, this is a new process invented by R.L.Maddox in 1871 and improved in 1878 thanks to the researches of Charles E.Benett*. Your browser may not support display of this image. Relater to coating photographic plates or paper with gelatine emulsion. The emulsion is run into a trough A containing a metal roller B, which revolves in the emulsion. One end of a scraper C rests against this roller and takes off the emulsion, which it delivers on to the plates P. The plates are carried forward by an endless band F, and delivered to a second endless band L which passes through a chamber M cooled by ice. This second hand travels at a greater speed than the first so as to separate the plates. Below the plates is another endless hand J which washes the plates. Your browser may not support display of this image. Kodak. 20th Century At the beginings of the 20th century photography is no longer a mere subject of technical improvements. It turned to be one of the most flourishing and richest periods in which photography became a powerful and unconventional expression of the modern consicousness. It was at the early 20th century when photography gained the recognized status of an art form with a well-defined aesthetic roles and trends. Lively debates as whether the photographer s imagination was chiefly at work before or after the shutter was pressed envisioned and actualized a completely new understanding of photographys strengths. One of the trends of the time, the straight photography, it was defined as a medium as capable of artistic expression as painting or sculpture. Avant-garde artists, commercial illustrators, and journalists turned to photography as if seeking to discover through its mechanisms and materials a new artistic vehicle that captured best the soul of those times. The artist and theorist L szl Moholy-Nagy (1895-1946) gave a new aesthetic role to photography, described as a new vision rooted in the technological culture of the twentieth century. It seems that the philosophical ideas the governed at that time the fragmented sense of self, the rapid pace of modern life, the burst of subconsciuoness had a powerful influence on the way photography was perceived and produced. Abstract photograms, photomontages composed of fragmented images, the combination of photographs with modern typography and graphic design in posters and magazine pages were unconventional techniques that modernized photography. In France, Surrealism was the gravitational center for avant-garde photography between the wars. Launched in 1924 by the poet Andr Breton, the Surrealist movement aimed at the psychic and social transformation of the individual through the replacing of bourgeois conventions with new values of spiritual adventure, poetry, and eroticism. Essentially a philosophical and literary movement, Surrealism was greatly indebted to the techniques of psychoanalysis, and Freuds research into free association and dream imagery. Surrealist photographers made use of such techniques as double exposure, combination printing, and reversed tonality to evoke the union of dream and reality. During the 1920s, the mass media grew particularly in Germany, which had more illustrated periodicals, with greater circulation, than any other country in the world. In addition, hundreds of newspapers and magazines catered to special interests. There were fashion journals, various magazines promoting health and sport. As the number of new illustrated magazines increased, competition among publications grew keener and editors began to experiment with more dynamic designs and page layouts. To close this period I would like to tell two artists of this 20s because i think that their works are very interesting: Hans Bellmer: (March 13, 1902 February 23, 1975) was a German artist, best known for the life-sized pubescent female dolls he produced in the mid-1930s. Your browser may not support display of this image. In this work, Bellmer explicitly sexualized the doll as a young girl. On the other hand, the doll incorporated the principle of ball joint , which was inspired by a pair of sixteenth-century articulated wooden dolls in the Kaiser Friedrich Museum. Man Ray: (August 27, 1890 November 18, 1976), was an American artist who spent most of his career in Paris, France. Your browser may not support display of this image. He was a significant contributor to both the Dada and Surrealist movements, although his ties to each were informal. Best known in the art world for his avant-garde photography. From the 30s the word documentary takes on a moral and politician connotations , highly positive, associated with the conquest of truth. For the frist time in history appears the photojournalism. It is a kind of photography that delivers events through a photo, that spreads facts of reality throughout the world but it also carries a message. The posibility of print photographs next to the text in the newspaper and magazines was invetigate durint the 19th century through different poribilities like the lithograph or woodcut. But the photojournalism face technical problems (in the photographic capture), as the emulsions still had very low sensitivities then to take a night phtograph or to take it in an interior force you to use a flash which was of magnesium in that time. This must be added that large format cameras and the constant need of a tripod made the journalist was very limited to work in the documentary photographic discourse. In 1929 in USA took place the Wall Street Crash that triggered the Great Depression. With this crash the peasants were in a huge poorness while drought was putting things more difficult, then the goverment establish a department about photography-press (which was called Farm Security Administration) to document this. To end with this project and continuing with the structure of the work in the 20s I m going to explain some important artists of th is period: Your browser may not support display of this image. Eug ne Atget:(February 12, 1857 August 4, 1927) was a French photographer noted for his photographs documenting the architecture and street scenes of Paris. Your browser may not support display of this image. Bernice Abbott: (July 17, 1898 December 9, 1991), was an American photographer. She wanted to make the same as Atget in Paris, but she in New York. She introduced some changes because she didn t want only to photographed buildings that they were going to disappeared. She wanted to explained also the continuing changes of a city like NY. Abott asked for scholarships to take the project to end, and finally the state gave her and put to her disposition documentary filmmakers and a team of historians to complete her photos. Your browser may not support display of this image. August Sander: (November17, 1876 April 20, 1964) was a German portrait and documentary photographer. He was one of the most important photographers of the 20th century. Is above its principle of neutrality which will take a lot of importance to the end of the decade of the 20s. This effect of impersonality is gived by: sharpness, frontal, senzill frames and the rigid pose of the models. Your browser may not support display of this image. Jacob Riis: (May 3, 1849 May 26, 1914), was a Danish American social reformer, and a great photographer. He got his photos with flash, because for him the flash was a way to come to places that normally the camera without the help of it couldn t do it. He wanted his photos to aware people of the poorness. Your browser may not support display of this image. Lewis Hine: (September 26, 1874 November 3, 1940) was an American sociologist and photographer. Between 1904 and 1905 he photographed the arrival of many immigrants at Ellis Island from southern and eastern Europe. There were a lot of xenophobia towards these immigrants. And in 1906 he made a new project about the problem of child labor. Your browser may not support display of this image. Dorothea Lange: (May 26, 1895 October 11, 1965) was an influential American documentary photographer and photojournalist, best known for her Depression-era work for the Farm Security Administration (FSA). Langes photographs humanized the tragic consequences of the Great Depression and profoundly influenced the development of documentary photography. Your browser may not support display of this image. Walker Evans: (November 3, 1903 April 10, 1975) was an American photographer best known for his work for the Farm Security Administration documenting the effects of the Great Depression. Much of Evanss work from the FSA period uses the large-format, 810-inch camera. He said that his goal as a photographer was to make pictures that are literate, authoritative, transcendent.

The Role Of Women In The Church Religion Essay

The Role Of Women In The Church Religion Essay Ever since the beginning of the feminist movement the roles that women have or have not played whether in or out of church and no matter what culture or civilization they have come from has definitely come under some major debates. One area for disagreement is the roles women have in the Church. With there being some churches that are not so ridged with their traditions and practices; they have begun placing women in leadership positions like pastor or teacher. However; there are still churches that are steadfast to the Bible and not so ready to embrace such changes. Much of the confusion comes from how women are seen in the scriptures so because of this we will use the Bible to help us better comprehend the roles women had in the church during the first century so we can try to apply that to the meanings in the twentieth and the twenty-first century. Many people would debate the Bibles importance to modern-day understanding until the cows come home but the biggest debate is about them in roles of worship. Had the Bible not been written under guidance of holy inspiration then it could be seen for what it is and not simply be bound by the teachings, which in turn could consequently allow one to pick or choose whatever agrees to their point of view. However, since the Bible is all about holy inspiration for which it comes from, then there should be a careful respect to what the passages signifies about any given issue which currently is at hand. Beliefs and behaviors that have come up after the Bible was written must as a consequence be carefully examined and by doing so the practices may or may not demonstrate competence after comparison with scripture. Before we discuss exact questions regarding women in worship, we should study the ideologies resulting from the relationship of Adam and Eve which is described in Genesis 1. We see the Apostle Paul often uses this passage as a guideline when conversing about women and womens issues. Genesis 1:27 says: So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them. Most interpret this as man and woman are both by the same token in the image of God; however in this instance the word man is to reference more the meaning of humanity. In Genesis we are shown that Adam and Eve were given common power over creation; however the sheer fact that Adam was created in advance of Eve has major impacts to Paul and all the scholars in the Old Testament. For these scholars it proposes that there very definite role differences between the two sexes. They saw the role of the man as leadership whereas they see the role of woman as more of a source of strength a nd support to man. As we review the letter to the Ephesians from Paul in Ephesians 5:23 For the husband is the head of the wife as Christ is the head of the church. We can see this as an important analogy because if one wants to understand the Christian dominance of a man over his wife, we must think about how Christ proved his leadership over the Church. In general, he gave his life the church and not by using force or coaxing for her submission. Now when we contemplate mens and womans ministry in the church, we find it is important that we keep in mind these role differences. We must also take a look at the notion of open ministry where women can worship and teaching in the Church. There are two major passages which give definitive orders about women during worship and they are in the letters of the Apostle Paul. Many find that these two passages are quite frequently used when one wants to deny women public roles in the church. The first is in I Corinthians 14:33 35, which shows the passage imposing silence on women during worship service. Likewise and with more details, I Timothy 2:8 15 also contains the command to be silent, it also shows about power and control as well as references to the reason for Adam and Eves fall from grace which helped in the understanding and continued denial for equally in sexes in the church. In my viewpoint I believe that 1 Timothy 2:8-15 gives the best understanding just how things were viewed which is why I chose to use the entire: I want men everywhere to lift up holy hands in prayer, without anger or disputing. I also want women to dress modestly, with decency and propriety, not with braided hair or gold or pearls or expensive clothes, but with good deeds, appropriate for women who profess to worship God. A woman should learn in quietness and full submission. I do not permit a woman to teach or to have authority over a man; she must be silent. For Adam was formed first, then Eve. And Adam was not the one deceived; it was the woman who was deceived and became a sinner. But women will be kept safe through childbirth, if they continue in faith, love and holiness with propriety. I believe this shows the separation of the sexes and describes their place in worship and who has authority/control/power -however you want to say it over whom. Now as with woman being raised in the U.S. today reads the letter for the first time they may be quite offend by the obvious narrow-mindedness. However, there are some accurate historical and cultural references that need to be considered when looking for the meaning and intent of the passage. First the letter was written by one man to another man who was Paul to Timothy. We are led to believe that he was preaching in the city of Ephesus when Paul tells him he must stay in Ephesus so as to correct false teachers who were making a disturbance in the church. We see how many different observers have tried to recreate the deviations of these false teachers however this can prove to be a difficult since there are no exact records of what was said, so we must make reference from the text itself to give us a clue. One plausible heretical doctrine was the one of self-denial as a way to reach holiness. The practice of austerity that is being indorsed comprised of; self-restraint from certain foods, from marriage, and sex which is added to all of the physical training as another way to reach holiness. It was believed that by doing these practices, one could attain something similar to heaven on earth. Simply put, there was perhaps a denial of any future rebirths to be taught instead of the more spiritual one that we are lead to believe is reached in afterlife. We can also infer from Pauls comments that numerous women in the church would rehabilitated the meaning which was persuading them to abandon their traditional roles in favor of more open ways of life which were more in line with their the new-found holiness or spirituality. With this said it explains Pauls strong words which make reference to Eve about how she misled into sin whereas the idea of bearing and raising children was most certainly spiritual thing unlike they were being led to believe. Nevertheless, there are other parts of the passage which warn women not to teach or have control/power over a man that have been agreed upon by so many they have everlasting claim; their words and grammar, in Greek, do not seem to lend themselves to any other cultural reference. The teaching that Paul was truly worried about was so must more about real faith while the control/power which is in question seems to speak more about the roles of leadership for women in the church. But then again, before anyone can make any conclusions on a Biblical truth it must first hold true throughout the scriptures. May be we should look at other passages; like.in Galatians 3:28: There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus. Some believe that this teaching could have had some bearing in the false teachings of Ephesus and Corinthians in regards to women. We are shown that even Christ revealed to us that in the spirit world no one would not be pre arranged but would be like the angels. As a result, the women who were being misled by teachers seem to abandon their traditional roles. On the other hand, the current reader may wonder what one meant when they wrote the line about both sexes being one in Christ Jesus. Some would see it as meaning that no one sex is inferior to the other. Once past the Old Testament, there are strong instances, like in the book of Acts, which shed some light in the form of documented practice, on the order not to have control/power over men. Here we have prophetesses like in Acts 21: 8-9, where Philip, who was one of the seven deacons, has four daughters who predicted. Prophesying was not just the predictions of the future but also the passing on of Gods Word to the people, i. e. teaching. Likewise, in 1 Corinthians 11:4-5 we have Paul conveying, Every woman who prays or prophesies. Obviously women in Corinthians were worshipping because everyone did that so they could be closer to God. We also see in Acts 18 where Precilla and Aquila worship and teach. As you read this, you could interpret this being significance because Precilla, who is the women, seems to be mentioned first due to the fact she has great knowledge. You are shown their teaching together and their successes which are confirmed in Acts 18:26 the ways of the Lord more a dequately. We also see this in the story about Lydia, business women who lived in Philippi and receive the message that Paul gives during worship which seems to be the incident which starts the strong church movement in Philippi. This occurrence only infers from the passage that she played an important part of that strong church, since no men were mentioned of converting. These passages in some way give inquiry to the real nature of the halt on teaching and the meaning of no control/power mentioned in 1st Timothy. It is obvious that women were teaching men and at times they were even co-teaching with male teachers. The case in point about the prophetesss while compelling is not recognized as being a modern gift, however teaching certainly is and is a prophets function. Those that interpret the Bible also discuss womens ministry in the New Testament which has brought to light the traditions of the day regarding women. We see that Pauls main concern was spreading the Gospel and making the message made attractive in every way. Thats why we see Paul encouraging women just how important it is in maintain customs like veil wearing because if not they will be seen as loose or immoral and disgrace the Gospel message. Think about what the women in the US who are not of the faith are thinking when they see for the first time that only men run the services. It could come across as women being suppressed by men and that the gospel message is suggesting women are inferior to men. In a nutshell, the thought that there is no authorization in the scripture coming right out and saying that it is forbidden for women to have leadership roles, or their own ministry or even teaching the word of God but can be left up to interpretation make me believe that if women are not allowed to have some kind of input in to the church or their teachings then it seems that a valuable resource is going to waste for the church and its future followers. If we simply look at it from the perspective of a husband not thinking that his wifes thoughts and ideas are worth listening to than the family can surely seem inadequate, dysfunctional or even destined to failure. For that reason, the church tries to realize Gods purpose for women by remembering the truths of the scripture and relating them to our present day culture. By doing this we are allowing men and women to convey the Christian message in its most powerful form. As stated by John Toews in article A doctrine or a truth has pow er only to the extent that it is modeled in a life style which is in harmony with it. Paul, and the rest of the New Testament, proclaims that male and female are reconciled and gifted in Christ, they are one and equal in Christ. It is now time for that truth to be modeled in the church if the church is to be the true eschatological people of God. We should look at the true meaning of the Bible and follow what is best for the continuing of the church and the life of the Gospels even if it means allowing men and women to be equal in the spreading the word of the Lord.

Colonialism in India Essay -- British Invasion, Massive Boycotts

The British invasion formed into a historical development of British colonialism in India. Despite India under the British rule, Mahatma Gandhi played an important role in gaining Independence. He not only changed India but also strongly fought for India's independence, using various strategies. The British Empire ruled as long as they could to reform India both politically and socially. India was the first major Asian civilizations to fall victim to European predatory activities (Duiker 31). With conquering India, the British had various purposes behind it. Their main purpose was to achieve a monopolistic trading position (The Economic and Social Impact of Colonial Rule in India). The second purpose was the control of India; this was a key element in the world power structure, in terms of geography, logistics and military manpower (The Economic and Social Impact of Colonial Rule in India). When the East India Company continued to trade under the British, huge armies were created, largely composed of Indian sepoys (Marshall). The armies were used to defend the Company’s territories protect the Indian states (Marshall). With major control over India, the British used a combination of firepower & guile to consolidate their power over the country by expanding from their base areas along the coast into the interior (Duiker 31). Some territories were also taken over the privately run East India Company, which at the time was given authority to administer Asian territories under British occupation, while others were ruled by local maharajas (Duiker 31). British governance brought order and stability to a society that had recently been wrecked by the wars from the different empires (Duiker 31). Since the British wanted to refo... ...tween the Hindus and Muslims, Jinnah felt that Muslims had no future in India (Overfield 216). With the end of British rule in 1947, not only did India gain its independence but also along with it was born an other country, Pakistan where Jinnah served as the first governor (Overfield 216). With the gain of India’s independence, Gandhi was shot the following year in 1948 by a Hindu zealot who resented his commitment to Hindu – Muslim harmony (Overfield 212). Despite numerous conflicts with the British and with the Muslims, India fought for its rights by doing what they felt was right. India under the British rule had some benefits as the new school system and outlawing sati but they did manage to trouble the Indians with taxation and other laws. Gandhi who was an outstanding, important figure in India’s way for independence who taught to fight with nonviolence.

Angina: Diagnosis and Treatment Options :: Health Medicine

Angina: Diagnosis and Treatment Options Angina refers to the pain arising from lack of adequate blood supply to the heart muscle. Typically, it is a crushing pain behind the breastbone in the center of the chest, brought on by exertion and relieved by rest. It may at times radiate to or arise in the left arm, neck, jaw, left chest, or back. It is frequently accompanied by sweating, palpitations of the heart, and generally lasts a matter of minutes. Similar pain syndromes may be caused by other diseases, including esophagitis, gall bladder disease, ulcers, and others. Diagnosis of angina begins with the recognition of the consistent symptoms. Often an exercise test with radioactive thallium is performed if the diagnosis is in question, and sometimes even a cardiac catheterization is done if the outcome is felt necessary to make management decisions. This is a complex area which requires careful judgment by physician and patient. Angina is a manifestation of coronary artery disease, the same disease leading to heart attacks. Coronary artery diseas refers to those syndromes caused by blockage to the flow of blood in those arteries supplying the heart muscle itself, i.e., the coronary arteries. Like any other organ, the heart requires a steady flow of oxygen and nutrients to provide energy for rmovement, and to maintain the delicate balance of chemicals which allow for the careful electrical rhythm control of the heart beat. Unlike some other organs, the heart can survive only a matter of minutes without these nutrients, and the rest of the body can survive only minutes without the heart--thus the critical nature of these syndromes. Causes of blockage range from congenital tissue strands within or over the arteries to spasms of the muscular coat of the arteries themselves. By far the most common cause, however, is the deposition of plaques of cholesterol, platelets and other substances within the arterial walls. Sometimes the buildup is very gradual, but in other cases the buildup is suddenly increased as a chunk of matter breaks off and suddenly blocks the already narrowed opening. Certain factors seem to favor the buildup of these plaques. A strong family history of heart attacks is a definite risk factor, reflecting some metabolic derangement in either cholesterol handling or some other factor. Being male, for reasons probably related to the protective effects of some female hormones, is also a relative risk. Cigarette smoking and high blood pressure are definite risks, both reversible in most cases.

The Desire of Human Trafficking

Compton Saul 2/11/2013 The Desire of Human Trafficking Human trafficking is considered to be the equivalent to modern day slavery. Even judging by the definition, human trafficking has a very negative term. Human trafficking, in many articles, is described as â€Å"the illegal trade of human beings, mainly for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation or forced labor† (â€Å"Human Trafficking†). Human trafficking is becoming more and more of a problem and it has caught the attention of the UN. The UN is seeing that human trafficking is affecting the economies of countries and is morally wrong.One of the countries that suffers significantly from human trafficking is the Philippines. History The Philippines has become increasingly vulnerable to human trafficking. This is partly due to the country’s economic difficulty. About 11 million Filipinos work overseas to help their family still living in the Philippines. A specific reason that Filipinos go overseas is b ecause there are not many jobs in the Philippines. The economy leaves many Filipinos looking for jobs in different places that many believe will give them money to support their family. As a result of this, many female Filipinos are lured into human trafficking.The females are promised a respectable job to support their families. A typical Filipino led to believe that they are moving abroad to get a good job that will support her family, this trick that led them into slavery Females are not the only individuals who get tricked into human trafficking. Men and children also are involved in human trafficking. According to a human trafficking website, â€Å"women and children are trafficked within the country for forced begging, and for exploitation in the commercial sex industry† (â€Å"Human trafficking†). Filipinos are trafficked from rural areas to urban areas.In the Philippines, traffickers, in partnership with organized crime syndicates and complicit law enforcement officers, regularly operate through fraudulent recruitment agencies to traffic migrants. â€Å"The workers are often treated with violence, abuse, inhumane living conditions, nonpayment of salaries, and withholding of travel and identity documents this to leaving them with no way out† (â€Å"Human trafficking†). Historically, the Philippines have no sustainable jobs to maintain a typical Filipino family. This is why human trafficking is dramatically increasing in the Philippines by the factors they face (â€Å"Human Trafficking†). UnemploymentThe Philippines have limited jobs to support the Filipino population. Most Families get their income from overseas. This is true is because there are very little jobs available in the Filipino economy. As a consequence, many Filipinos are unemployed and fail to live a reasonable life. Unemployment in the Philippines is more widespread in the urban areas than in rural areas. The in depth reason why is because in rural areas many of the jobs involve agriculture jobs. This makes it easy for the populations that live in rural areas to be employed. Compared to rural resident, the urban population lacks the resources to earn jobs.This leaves most of the urban population unemployed with no jobs and income. Other factors like population growth and poverty leaves many families unemployed. The few jobs Filipinos are able to get are not able to support their household, making it hard for them to rely on the job. (â€Å"Trafficking In Persons Report 2012†) The Process of Recruited Victims Human trafficking often begins in the slums of the Philippines. Many of the victims who are recruited are children and women. Traffickers offer good jobs, but most individuals are tricked into to free labor.This is a reason as to why a typical Filipino is willing to go along with human trafficking. They see this as a ticket way to get away from the slums and to a better life. I emphasize on better life because many Filipi no are trying to survive from the poverty they deal with on daily bases. The trafficker strives on the Filipinos hopes and aspirations to hoax the citizen into working for them. Most of the victims are paid up front to show that the traffickers are trustworthy. Female Filipinos are usually promised waitressing jobs, but are manipulated into another form of labor, such as prostitution.Human traffickers also have a tendency to harass the family, making their daughters or children work for them. No Choices Many Filipino women still continue to go back to human trafficking because they believe there no other choices. The Filipino women, knowing the consequences, still continue to endure the horrible treatment in order to support their family. Many of the females believe that since there aren’t many available jobs, they must continue to endure these bad conditions. Many of the women believe that it’s their only option and that it is the right thing to do in order to help th eir family.Since they are limited by jobs, many Filipino women believe this would help their families by having something to provide for them. Filipino women then, as a result, continue to fall prey to human trafficking. Many Filipinos see this as a ticket to a better life where they can escape the economic difficulty. Typical Filipino families have nothing to support their family because they live in poverty. The individuals involved in this human trafficking often bring their daughters or other younger females into the process, solely because they believe that they are doing the right thing in providing for them.Conclusion The Filipino government understands that human trafficking is an immense problem in their country. The Philippine government and others have tried taking steps in preventing human trafficking. Concern for the help of many Filipinos is prominent because of the labor they have to work for. As stated in the Human Trafficking article, â€Å"the majority of children work as labors and unskilled workers, and are often exposed to hazardous working environment in industries such as mining, fishing, pyrotechnic production, domestic service, garbage scavenging, and agriculture, especially sugar cane plantations. This news catches the eyes of the government and Filipino organizations that want to prevent harsh acts towards children. One person that tries to limit and prevent human trafficking is CECILIA FLORES-OEBANDA. Ms. Cecilia Flores-Oebanda is the Founder and Director of the Visayan Forum Foundation (VFI) (â€Å"Human Trafficking†). The foundation tries to better the lives of the Filipino citizens who believe they have no choices, and result to human trafficking.The foundation tries and helps families that live in poverty so that they don’t turn to human trafficking. The foundation understands that it is the people that live in poverty that are tricked or have bondage with human trafficking. To conclude, human trafficking is the m odern day slavery. The factors that contribute to human trafficking are poverty, unemployment and economic stability (â€Å"Human trafficking†). These factors are what lead the Filipino population to believe that human trafficking will give them a better life.

Atm Card Project

The completion of every task needs the guidance support & cooperation of many people. This is the opportunity to thank all those who had directly or indirectly helped me in completing this work. First and foremost I am grateful to my project guide Mr. Rahul Deo whose kind guidance, help & motivation helped me to complete this project. I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Rajendra Kumar Jain,H. O. D(M. B. A Department ) and all the faculty members of SVIM for their kind support. I am grateful to Director Ret. Major General Dr. J. R.Bhatti of Shri Vaishnav Institute Of Management for providing proper facilities in the college. I would also like to thank all the respondents and wholesaler/retailer/distributor for giving me their precious time and relevant information ,without which this Project would have been a different story. Last but not the least I am grateful to my parent, family & friends who have supported and encouraged me during my work. PRAVIN PAHADIYA MBA IV SEM(PT) SVIM,IN DORE.ATM CARD : A VITAL FACILITY & ITS IMPACT ON ECONOMY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ICICI & IDBI INTRODUCTION: ATM the fastest and convenient way to access your account anytime anyway whether you are in your home town or around the world. It is convenient and safe to carry and place of lacks of rupees while traveling or anywhere ATM’s now having a wide impact on economy too. HISTORY OF ICICI & IDBI: INDUSTRIAL CREDIT & INVESTMENT CORP. OF INDIA LTD. (ICICI). It was set-up as a Development Finance Institute in 1955 under the Indian Companies Act 1913 with the support of Govt. f India and active involvement of the World Bank. INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BANK OF INDIA (IDBI). It was established in July 1964. The bank is intended to serve reservoir from which the existing financial institutions can draw. It seeks to cover the gaps left by the numerous state institutions working in the field of Industrial Finance. OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT: 1. To find its impact on economy. 2. Satisfaction o f ATM users. STUDY AREA: ICICI & IDBI, Indore METHODOLOGY: 1. Sampling: Sampling technique: Random Sampling. SOURCE OF DATA: ) Primary Data 2) Secondary Data LIMITATIONS: ? Sample restricted to Indore City Only. ? Biasness of respondents. ? The entire study and analysis are based on the responses obtain from structured questionnaire. ATM – A VITAL FACITLITY & ITS ITS IMPACT ON ECONOMY INTRODUCTION ATM (AUTOMATIC TELLER MACHINE) is the easiest & the fastest way to access your account any time, any where through any of the ATM’s across the country even out of country. Now ,the money is accessible by any person 24 hours a day,7 days a week & 365 days a year.It is also known as â€Å"ANY TIME MONEY†, it means that banks never closed. All of us carry some form of â€Å"Plastic Money† with us whether it is Debit card, ATM card, Smart card or Credit card. The International Debit Card allows you to purchase goods at Merchant Establishments and also gives you the freedom to withdraw cash from ATMs in India and abroad. ATM Card gives you the freedom of making purchases without the hassles of paying in cash. No need to carry cash, no paying bills at the end of the month†¦your purchases will be debited to your account instantly.We can withdraw from 15,000 to 2,00,000 rupees in a day from different bank’s ATM machine & deposit up to 30 notes at one time even we can also deposit cheques through the ATM. Operate multiple account with a single ATM card of the bank. INTRODUCTION INDUSTRIAL CREDIT & INVESTMENT COPERATION OF INDIA (ICICI) bank is India's second-largest bank with total assets of about Rs. 106,812 crore and a network of about 450 branches and offices and about 1700 ATMs. ICICI was set up as a Developed Financial Institution in 1955, under the Indian Company Act,1913 with the support of the Government Of India ; active involvement of the World Bank.ICICI Bank offers a wide range of banking products and financial services to c orporate and retail customers through a variety of delivery channels and through its specialised subsidiaries and affiliates in the areas of investment banking, life and non-life insurance, venture capital, asset management and information technology. ICICI Bank's equity shares are listed in India on stock exchanges at Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata and Vadodara, the Stock Exchange, Mumbai and the National Stock Exchange of India Limited and its American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).ICICI Bank was originally promoted in 1994 by ICICI Limited, an Indian financial the initiative of the World Bank, the Government of India and representatives of Indian industry. The principal objective was to create a development financial institution for providing medium-term and long-term project financing to Indian businesses. In the 1990s, ICICI transformed its business from a development financial institution offering only project finance to a diversified fin ancial services group offering a wide variety of products and services, both directly and through a number of subsidiaries and affiliates like ICICI Bank.In 1999, ICICI become the first Indian company and the first bank or financial institution from non-Japan Asia to be listed on the NYSE. After consideration of various corporate structuring alternatives in the context of the emerging competitive scenario in the Indian banking industry, and the move towards universal banking, the managements of ICICI and ICICI Bank formed the view that the merger of ICICI with ICICI Bank would be the optimal strategic alternative for both entities, and would create the optimal legal structure for the ICICI group's universal banking strategy.The merger would enhance value for ICICI shareholders through the merged entity's access to low-cost deposits, greater opportunities for earning fee-based income and the ability to participate in the payments system and provide transaction-banking services.The me rger would enhance value for ICICI Bank shareholders through a large capital base and scale of operations, seamless access to ICICI's strong corporate relationships built up over five decades, entry into new business segments, higher market share in various business segments, particularly fee-based services, and access to the vast talent pool of ICICI and its subsidiaries. In October 2001, the Boards of Directors of ICICI and ICICI Bank approved the merger of ICICI and two of its wholly-owned retail finance subsidiaries, ICICI Personal Financial Services Limited and ICICI Capital Services Limited, with ICICI Bank.The merger was approved by shareholders of ICICI and ICICI Bank in January 2002, by the High Court of Gujarat at Ahmedabad in March 2002, and by the High Court of Judicature at Mumbai and the Reserve Bank of India in April 2002. Consequent to the merger, the ICICI group's financing and banking operations, both wholesale and retail, have been integrated in a single entity. A nywhere Banking ICICI Bank is the second largest bank in the country, serves a customer base of more than 5 million customer accounts through a multi-channel access network.This includes more than 400 branches and extension counters, over 1000 ATMs, Call Centre and Internet Banking. Thus, one can access the various services ICICI Bank has to offer at anytime, anywhere and from anyplace. Do’S & Do not 1. Sign on the card immediately on receipt. Unsigned cards are invitations for misuse. 2. Keep the card in a prominent place in wallet / vault. This will help you to notice if any of your cards is missing. 3. Ensure that the card you got back after the transaction is yours before putting in the wallet. 4.Keep all card number, expiry date and contact number of the issuing bank at a secure place for ready reference. It has to be kept in a different place than where you normally keep cards. 5. Inform issuing bank immediately if you lose the card or it is loss/stolen from you. 6. Mem orize PIN and destroy the mailer PIN is an important validation of your identity. The use of PIN along with card is considered as your authentic signature. 7. Inform change of address to card issuing bank immediately. Inform postal authorities also about the forwarding address. 8.Keep all charge slips till you get statement from bank. Check all charge slips against the statement. If there is a mismatch immediately contact the issuing bank. 9. If going abroad, make note of the card company's (Visa/ MasterCard/ Amex) emergency number abroad. 10. Do not give your debit card number over the phone or on the Internet. 11. When using your card in a merchant establishment, only your signature is needed. Never disclose any other personal details about yourself, be it your address or phone number. 12. Never sign an incomplete sales slip.Make sure it is totaled. Basic Features ICICI Bank and HPCL bring you the â€Å"Fuel† Debit Card. A debit card designed with just our convenience in mi nd. Just hand it over at any HPCL pumps and SAVE on our fuel purchases. In fact you can use the card for all your shopping, dining and traveling needs, so we spend with total control. Combining the acceptability of a credit card and the prudence of an ATM Card, the ICICI Bank Ncash Debit card is a most convenient accessory for us. No more fear of overspending. No more searching for the nearest ATM. Only more comfort and convenience!With the ICICI Bank Ncash Debit Card you can shop using VISA Electron's on-line debit program, and debit your ICICI Bank account directly when transacting at any VISA accredited member establishment or ATM across the world! Accepted at over 40,000 merchant establishments, more than 1,200 ICICI Bank ATM's and more than 2,500 VISA ATMs all over India. International Card, offering deposit access at over 11 million merchant establishments VISA . Your ICICI Bank HPCL Debit Card comes packed with the following features: 1. Direct On-line debit to your ICICI Ban k account. 2.Refund of surcharge for fuel purchases at HPCL pumps. 3. Accepted at over 40,000 shops, more than 1,200 ICICI Bank ATM's & 2,500 VISA ATMs all over India. 4. International card offering deposit access at over 11 million shops and & VISA ATM's all over the world. 5. 24 Hour Customer Care Center. 6. Speed-O-Miles Rewards Programme. 7. Itemized billing on your bank statement. 8. Lost card insurance. Fee ; Charges: No transactions charges at ICICI Bank ATMs. Transactions charges at Non ICICI Bank ATMs : Rs. 50/- for cash withdrawal ; Rs. 25/- for balance enquiry. Lost Card Insurance:In case our card is lost or stolen, we just need to call our 24 Hour Customer Care Centre . A new card will be issued on request and sent to you within 1 week of reporting this loss. We are protected from any financial liability arising from any purchase transactions done on our card, from the time you report the loss. INTRODUCTION INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BANK OF INDIA was established in July 196 4, to serve as a reservoir from which the existing Financial Institutions can draw. It seeks to cover the gap left by the numerous state institutions working in the field of industrial finance.The bank is expected to combine commercial, promotional ; re-financing activities. It took place after RBI issued guidelines for entry of new private sector banks in January 93. Subsequently, IDBI as promoters sought permission to establish a commercial bank and retained KPMG a management consultant of international repute to prepare the groundwork for establishing a commercial Bank. The Reserve Bank of India conveyed it's in principle approval to establish IDBI bank on February 11th, 1994. Thereafter the Bank was incorporated at Gwalior under Companies Act on 15th of September 1994 (Registration No. 0-08624 of 1994) with its Registered Office at Indore. The Certificate for Commencement of Business was received on 2nd of December 1994. The Future IDBI bank looks confidently into the future to face and thrive in the intense competitive environment that is emerging. The bank has now gained experience and has in place the strategies required for gaining a leadership position. With cutting edge relevant technology, aggressive marketing, innovation, tight control over costs and with its motivated workforce, the bank is all set to emerge as a model global corporate citizen n the days ahead. IDBI, the tenth largest development bank in the world has promoted world class institutions in India. A few of such institutions built by IDBI are The National Stock Exchange (NSE), The National Securities Depository Services Ltd. (NSDL), Stock Holding Corporation of India (SHCIL) etc. IDBI is a strategic investor in a plethora of institutions which have revolutionized the Indian Financial Markets. IDBI promoted IDBI bank to mark the formal foray of the IDBI Group into commercial Banking. This initiative has blossomed into a major success story.IDBI bank, which began with an equity capital base of Rs. 1000 million (Rs. 800 million contributed by IDBI and Rs. 200 million by SIDBI), commenced its first branch at Indore in November 1995. Thereafter in less than seven years the bank has attained a front ranking position in the Indian Banking Industry. IDBI bank successfully completed its public issue in February 99 which led to its paid-up capital expanding to Rs. 1400 million. The promoters holding consequent to this public issue stood reduced to 71% with IDBI holding 57% and SIDBI 14% of the paid up capital of IDBI Bank.This is in line with the requirement of RBI which stipulates that eventually the promoters holding should be brought down to 40%. IDBI ATM’s IDBI bank, which in recent times has rapidly expanded its ATM network to 258 ATMs across 68 cities, has always been at the forefront of using the latest technology to introduce new services for its customers. IDBI bank was the first Bank to implement the latest and most flexible ATM switch technology in India called IST from Oasis Technologies. It is also the only Bank in India where its entire ATM network is on the latest NDC based operating system from NCR Corporation.IDBI bank launches Easy Fill, the First Online Instant Mobile Refill ATM Service in India, IDBI also bank opens its 97th Banking office in Dum Dum, Kolkata. IDBI bank launches Easy Fill, the First Online Instant Mobile Refill ATM Service in India, IDBI bank launches ATM Next, the next generation ATM service:- IDBI bank, one of the youngest and fastest growing private sector banks in the country, launched the futuristic next generation ATM service called ATM Next, at a well-attended press conference here in Mumbai today. The innovative new service allows the ATM to download any information from a central web server.With the help of this new technology, IDBI bank’s customers can now check the latest cricket scores live on the ATM, as well as read the latest news headlines. The ATMs also provide online information on the latest movies running with a complete list of theatre and show timings as well as daily horoscopes, a list of emergency services telephone numbers and on the lighter side, fortune cookies. The service, which was launched initially in Mumbai, also enables the ATMs to provide audio instructions to customers, as well as comprehensive information on its products and services.The Bank proposes to extend this facility to other cities shortly, as part of a phased roll out. Speaking at the press conference, Ajay Bimbhet, Country Head – Retail Banking, IDBI bank said â€Å"We have always believed in using technology to add value to the services we provide to our customers. We believe that technology must constantly redefine service and this exciting new service, will make the ATM experience far more exciting and enriching for our customers†. The Bank has tied up with Rediff. om as its exclusive content provider for this service, says Shameek Bhargava, Head ATMs, Cards and Merchant Acquiring â€Å"We have successfully exploited the technology at our disposal to create a truly superior customer experience. This is the first time that such a service has been launched in India. The application was show cased at a recent Banking conference at Singapore, where it was a huge success. Its informative, its different, its futuristic and its fun. † IDBI bank offers following services: 1. Fabulous Discounts at various Merchant Outlets . 2. Loyalty Points with Great Rewards . . Enhanced access to over 8. 5lakh ATMs and 10 million establishments worldwide. 4. Promotional programmes with exciting prizes. 5. Zero lost card liability insurance. Eligibility 1. Customer Over 18 years of age . 2. Savings Account holders . 3. Current Account holders . 4. Corporate Payroll Account holders . Security In a borderless world spinning on the axis of the Internet, Internet Banking assumes a special and sophisticated significance. Mindful that the ultimate access could be through the Internet, we set out to sew together a globally benchmarked Internet initiative.With Internet Banking, your bank travels with you around the world. You have on-line, real-time access, bank call it 24. 7. 365 (HH/WW/DD) banking. Admittedly, such a service requires security of the highest nature and complete privacy protection. To that end, bank provide a completely secure environment, using 128-bit encryption Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), digitally certified by Verisign. 128-bit SSL. This guarantees world-class security for Internet and e-commerce. Customize Features 1. Change of login and transaction passwords . 2. Creation of Nicknames for Accounts . 3. Date and Amount format choices . Online Payment ServicesThe Internet Banking facility of IDBI Bank, i-netbanking offers online payment facility linked with merchant websites/e-shops serving as a payment gateway. The bank offers this facility to any agency requiring online payment services such as Online Shopping Malls, On line Share Trading Agency, an AMC selling Online Mutual Funds or registering/subscribing for internet connection with ISP. This service is available to IDBI bank account holders (savings, current, fixed deposit accounts). It will soon be available to Demat account holders also. Currently, internet banking is available to all first account holders (except minors).It is also available to proprietors of firms in their Current Account for Proprietorship firms. In all cases applicant should have authority to operate account with full permission. All the joint account holders must sign application for all accounts wherever applicant is first account holder. Transfer funds to your near and dear ones at the click of a mouse. Eye – popping features: The Electronic fund transfers could take place to your own bank accounts of your choice instantly the bank account of any other person within any of the IDBI bank's branches instantly.The bank account of any other person in over 8000 branc hes of any bank within the 14 cities -Mumbai, Delhi, Calcutta, Chennai, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Kanpur, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Nagpur, Chandigarh, Patna, Bhubaneswar, Thiruvananthapuram. The user shall not use or attempt to use i-net banking for funds transfer – as and when the facility is made available – without sufficient funds in the relative i-net banking -account or without a pre-existing arrangement with the bank for the grant of an overdraft. Internet Banking Services (i-net banking) Bank' refers to IDBI bank limited, a banking company incorporated in India under the companies act 1956 and having its registered office at chaturvedi mansion, 2nd floor, 26/4, old palasia, A. B. Road, indore 452 001. The term includes the successors and assigns of the IDBI bank limited. I-net banking is the trade name of the bank's internet banking service which provides access through the internet to account information, account transaction, other products and services as advised by th e bank from time to time to the bank's customers. I-net banking serviceThe bank shall endeavor to provide to the user through i-net banking, services such as enquiry about the balance in his i-net banking account(s), details about transactions, statement of account, request for issue of cheque-books, request for transfer of funds between accounts of the same user, from user's account to another person's account, bill payment and such other facilities as the bank may decide to provide from time to time. These facilities shall be offered in a phased manner at the discretion of the bank. The bank may also make additions/ deletions to the services offered through i-net banking at its sole discretion.The availability/ non-availability of a particular service shall be advised through email, web page of the bank or written communication. The bank shall take reasonable care to, ensure the security of and prevent unauthorized access to the i-net banking service using technology reasonably av ailable to the bank. The user shall not use or permit to use i-net banking or any related service for any illegal or improper purposes. Minimum balance and charges The user shall maintain, at all times, such minimum balance in i-net banking account(s), as the bank may stipulate from time to time.The bank may, at its discretion, levy penal charges and/or service charges for non-maintenance of the minimum balance. In addition to the minimum balance stipulation the bank may levy service charges for use of i-net banking at its discretion. The user authorizes the bank to recover all charges related to i-net banking as determined by the bank from time to time by debiting one of user's i-net banking accounts. Accuracy of information The user is responsible for the correctness of information supplied to the bank through the use of i-net banking or through any other means such as electronic mail or written communication.The bank accepts no liability for the consequences arising out of errone ous information supplied by the user. If the user suspects that there is an error in the information supplied to the bank by him, he shall advise the bank as soon as possible. The bank will endeavor to correct the error wherever possible. Termination of i-net banking service The user may request for termination of the i-net banking facility any time by giving a written notice of at least 15 days to the bank. The user will remain responsible for any transactions made on his i-net banking account(s) through i-net banking prior to the time.Technology and Tech Initiatives Keeping in line with its policy of leveraging technology to drive its business, IDBI bank deployed Finacle, the e-age banking solution from Infosys to consolidate its position, meet challenges and quickly seize new business opportunities. Entire Finacle rollout was remarkable considering the fact that it was implemented across all branches in a record time frame of 5 months. Finacle will provide the critical technology platform to propel the bank's new thrust and direction.Achievement of these significant milestones is consistent with IDBI bank's continued focus to create customer and shareholder value through deployment of superior technology. Investments in technology is part of the plan to put in place building blocks for creating the right organizational infrastructure which will help IDBI bank in consistently delivering superior products, convenient access channels and efficient service to our retail and corporate customers. Of the total investments of over Rs. 75 crs, large investment has been made in back-end technology to strengthen processes, systems and control.This, in the long run, propelled by a top quality management team will clearly set IDBI bank apart from its competitors. Stronger Capital Adequacy Capital Adequacy ratio of IDBI bank is well above the RBI norm of 9% and as on 30th June 2001 stood at 12. 01%. IDBI bank has adopted Governance standards based on best practices preva lent internationally. It has a structure of governance which meets with the requirements prescribed by the Kumarmangalam Birla panel and fully meets the recommendations by internationally acclaimed and recognized norms of governance addressed by the Cadbury, Greenbury and Meryn King committees.Employee Contribution IDBI bank has more than 1000 talented and highly motivated employees as on date. The average age of the employee at IDBI bank is 31 yrs. 85% of the employees are MBAs/CAs/ Professionally Qualified Bankers. The bank has rolled out broad based grant of stock options covering 75% of the employees to align their interests with those of its shareholders. Benefits of ATM cards 1. Transfer funds from any place to any place. 2. Same day clearance of cheques ; money deposited by you. 3. Also provide Cheque Books for transaction. 4. Provide Mini-Statement after every transaction. 5.Account Statement by E-Mail. 6. Free Demand-Drafts ; Pay-Orders. 7. Investment ; Tax advisory service s. Transaction at all ATM’s across the country:- 1. Withdrawal ; transfer of funds . 2. Request for a cheque book. 3. Deposit cash ; cheques. 4. Receive mini-statement. OBJECTIVES The main objective of this project is to show the need ; utility of ATM cards, different services provided by banks ; its impact on economy. Some of the others objectives are :- 1. Satisfaction of ATM user. 2. Utility of ATM cards. 3. Problem related to ATM cards. 4. Comparative study of banks ; services provided by them. 5.To collect different suggestion provided by people. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH We are performing every action for the welfare of mankind to make them more productive ; more innovative. Each ; every action in this world is performed for betterment. Significance of this research work is 1. It informs about the problem related to ATM user. 2. It provides many suggestions for the betterment of ATM services. 3. It informs about the satisfactory level of consumers. 4. This research a lso inform people about the services ; facilities provided by their ATM cards. 5. It shows the real purpose for using ATM.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research has adoptive research design to obtain accurate information of the situation, which existed . The research aim was to find out what are the problems by the ATM users, facility ; services. It is descriptive because it obtains the complete ; accurate description of a situation, which has the precision of a problem. It has the formal design of research ; it provides specific method for selection source of information ; also connection data from other sources. It has also a statistical study because it involves a few factors in many factors in many cases.The study basically emphasizes on the fact-finding that whether the ATM users are satisfied by the services ; facilities provided to them by banks or not. DATA COLLECTION METHOD The data collection is fully depends on Primary Data, Secondary Data ; Internet Information. 1. Primary Data:- It is conversion of original information for some specific purpose. 2. Secondary Data:- It contain all that information which is available by different sources ? Internal Data :- Data provided by banks. ? External Data :- Data collected from outside of banks. All other data is collected through Internet i. . by their Web-sites ; questionnaires. The purpose of questionnaires is to obtained qualitative information for accuracy of project. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Q. 1: Are you using ATM? Q. 2 : Which bank’s ATM you are using? Q. 3 Are you aware about all facilities provided by your ATM? Q. 4 – Do you face any problem in using ATM? Q. 5 If yes, please tick:- CONCLUSION The main thing that is concluded that ATM (AUTOMATIC TELLER MACHINE) is the fastest, easiest ; safest way to access your account. ATM Cards gives us freedom to purchases without the hassles of payment.By ATM card we are free from carrying cash with us. 1. People are using ATM card for ANY TIME MONE Y. 2. Maximum people are satisfied by services ; facilities provided by their banks. 3. Many people are aware about ATM cards ; their utilities. 4. People are using ATM cards for different purposes. 5. Some people are having problems related to operational, networking, less safety, less number of outlets, etc. 6. People also want zero balance ; no transaction limit. 7. People want more facilities ; services. RECOMMENDATIONS 1. There should be no transaction limit. . Clearance of money/cheque transaction time should be minimized. 3. Banks should increase ATM outlets.4. Minimum average balance should be reduced. 5. No charges for transaction with other ATM machines. 6. Interest should be given on money deposited above average balance limits. 7. More facilities ; services should be provided for customers. LIMITATIONS 1. The main limitation related to this project is the limited area i. e. INDORE city because it is such a broad topic of research ; we are not able to represent exact data on the basis of a single city only. . Difficulty related to approach different types of people with different mentality, nature ; habit. 3. Limitation related to time ; resource available. 4. The entire study is based on the response provided by the sample population ; analyses on the basis of questionnaires. 5. Limitation related to biased response. 6. Limited information given by banks due to security reasons.